Recent guidelines from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) emphasise that smoke and toxic gases significantly contribute to fatalities in fires. Statistics indicate that up to 70% of building-related deaths are due to smoke inhalation.
Quick evacuation and notifying emergency services are vital for saving lives and property. The NFPA provides detailed guidance on these approaches in their documents NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, and NFPA 72 for fire alarm systems.
Alarm and detection systems, often in coordination with sprinkler systems, play a critical role in fire response. Sprinkler systems, when correctly inspected and maintained as per NFPA 25, are designed to activate during high-temperature conditions, thus deploying water to suppress the fire.
This measure is essential for preventing system failures and ensuring effective emergency responses.
In situations where life safety systems are compromised or evacuation is not feasible for certain individuals, such as the elderly or infirm, passive fire protection (PFP) becomes essential. It can contain a fire within a specific zone, slowing the spread of flames and gases, as specified by codes like NFPA 80, NFPA 105, and NFPA 90A.
This protection involves various installations, including fire doors and other opening protectives, which require annual checks to ensure functionality.
Active fire protection systems incorporate various elements requiring activation to function in emergencies. These include manual triggers like pull stations and automatic options such as smoke or heat detectors.
Active systems demand strict adherence to NFPA guidelines for installation, maintenance, and regular inspections to ensure functional integrity.
An evacuation plan is essential in any life safety strategy. It should outline clear escape routes, ensure routes are unobstructed, and comply with regulations regarding maximum travel distances to exits.
Additionally, evacuation procedures must include designated muster areas and assign responsibility for roll calls to ensure all building occupants are accounted for during emergencies.
Fire sprinklers are key in controlling fires before they expand. According to the American Fire Sprinkler Association, these systems are effective in both extinguishing fires and minimising potential damages.
Different types of sprinklers cater to various environments; individual sprinkler heads activate based on heat detection, avoiding unnecessary water release, and thus protecting rooms from undue water damage while reacting promptly to fires.
Passive fire protection involves mechanisms like dampers and firestopping to compartmentalise and contain fires. Regular inspections and maintenance of these components, as guided by NFPA standards, are crucial. Moreover, emergency lighting and power systems need monthly tests, with annual load tests, to verify their operational readiness, ensuring complete adherence to safety regulations outlined in the NFPA 101 Life Safety Code.
Passive and active fire protection plans remain indispensable in preventing loss of life and property. Facility managers should rigorously implement these systems, even if not mandated locally, to achieve a comprehensive fire safety strategy. This holistic approach is necessary to mitigate damage and safeguard the integrity of any facility.
According to the National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), smoke and toxic gases are the most significant factors in loss-of-life fires. Almost 70% of all building deaths are associated with smoke inhalation.
The prompt and safe evacuation of building occupants and immediate notification of the fire department are the primary means to prevent loss of life, as well as loss of property. The principles for saving building occupants from a fire are delineated in NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, and NFPA 72 for fire alarm systems.
Alarm and detection systems
Working in tandem with the alarm and detection systems are sprinkler systems. When inspected and maintained properly, and ensured they haven’t been tampered with, sprinkler systems are designed to extinguish a fire. When a certain temperature is reached, a sprinkler head will activate and water will begin flowing, helping to put out the fire. NFPA 25 covers inspection requirements for sprinkler systems. Compliance helps maximize system integrity to avoid failure and ensure fast, effective response to a fire emergency.
Another layer of protection is required, often referred to as “defend in place.” In the event that a life safety system fails, is tampered with, or in a situation in which occupants in a facility cannot be easily evacuated, as is the case for the ambulatory, elderly, incarcerated and others, passive fire protection can play a key role in saving lives.
Types of fire doors and opening protectives
This oft-neglected additional layer called Passive Fire Protection (PFP) can help compartmentalize a fire to its origin as well as help to slow the spread of fire and toxic gases to other areas of the building. The most commonly cited codes associated with passive fire protection are NFPA 80, 105 and 90A.
NFPA 80 covers the installation, care and maintenance of many types of fire doors and opening protectives. More specifically, it requires that all fire door assemblies be inspected and tested yearly. While NFPA 90A provides fire duct installation requirements.
Active Fire Protection
As a matter of clarification, active fire protection (AFP) is comprised of systems that require a trigger to work efficiently in the event of a fire.
Those triggers may be manually operated, as is the case with a pull station or fire extinguisher, or automatic, like a smoke detector, heat detector or fire sprinkler head, but all require some action to be performed to engage the systems.
Passive Fire Protection
Passive fire protection (PFP) are made up of systems or components that compartmentalize a building using fire-resistant rated walls, floors and ceilings. Compartmentalizing a building into smaller sections helps to slow or prevent the spread of fire or smoke from one room to the next.
PFP helps to limit the amount of damage done to a building and provides its occupants more time for evacuation. In addition, it helps protect first responders who have a better chance of putting out a fire that is compartmentalized, versus the added danger of trying to put out a fire that swells to encompass an entire building. PFP components include fire/smoke dampers, fire doors and fire walls/floors.
An Argument for Active Fire and Passive Fire Protection Systems
While AFP systems are highly regulated and must conform to strict installation, maintenance and inspection guidelines established by the NFPA and enforced by the local AHJ, passive systems often take a back seat.
There is a valid argument for both; active protection could fail due to a number of reasons, including low water pressure for sprinkler systems, or clogged or broken lines, while passive systems may allow occupants more time to flee, but do very little to stop the spread of the actual fire.
The following sections outline the various components that make up a comprehensive fire protection plan for any facility including both active and passive solutions.
Alarm and Detection: The First Line of Defense
Coined “alarm and detection” by the industry, there are several key components of an active fire protection system that are necessary to initiate occupant action. They include:
Fire Alarm Control Panels
These are the brains of the system. They are highly regulated and require a minimum of one annual inspection to test the activation of audible and visual devices, relay outputs, annunciators, elevator recall, release of magnetic door holders and many other functions. In addition, the control panel batteries, an integral part of the system, are required to be replaced every five years from the date of manufacture.
Smoke, Flame, and Heat Detectors
These sensing devices are designed for early detection of smoke and fire. They require periodic inspections and functional testing, as well as smoke detector sensitivity testing. Note: Functional testing does not mean using a magnet, but rather using canned smoke or an equivalent.
Audible and Visible Alarm Systems
These include alarms (horns/bells/speakers) connected to the detection system and strobe lights. These components are tested as part of the annual inspection.
Other Key Elements of the System
- Manually activated pull stations
- Voice communication systems
- Procedure and means for notifying the fire department, including the use of central station monitoring via DACTS (Digital Alarm Communication Transmitters)
Evacuation Planning
A written plan should include procedures for notifying all appropriate emergency services, creating an internal emergency response team and conducting regular drills.
A plan for evacuation should include a means of egress that outlines adequate numbers of well-maintained routes of escape. The egress route maps should be posted in conspicuous locations available to all occupants. As part of the plan certain considerations need to be taken into account:
- From any point in the building, each occupant must have at least two routes of escape, clearly marked and readily accessible with no obstructions. Those routes must properly show direction of travel and use photo luminescent markings where required by the local AHJ.
- Plans must adhere to a maximum travel distance to an exit (100 feet in facilities not equipped with automatic fire suppression sprinklers; 150 feet in sprinkled facilities; and 75 feet in facilities with “high hazard” contents, including contents that will burn with extreme rapidity, or from which dense smoke, poisonous fumes or explosions are likely in a fire situation).
- The routes must contain flame-resistant interior finishes (e.g. carpets, draperies, upholstered furnishings).
- A designated safe relocation or muster area must also be identified and communicated to the building occupants. As an added safety measure, internal fire marshals should be appointed to take roll call at the muster stations to help account for all occupants.
Sprinkler Systems: Another Crucial Piece of the Puzzle to Extinguish Fires
The purpose of fire sprinkler systems is to provide an appropriate amount of water to extinguish fires before they can grow and spread. There are various types of sprinkler systems that can provide the right kind of protection for the specific kind of setting in which they are installed. The types of fire sprinkler systems include wet pipe, dry pipe, deluge, antifreeze and pre-action fire sprinkler systems.
Following are a few statistics provided by AFSA (American Fire Sprinkler Association) to keep in mind:
- According to the National Fire Protection Agency, fire sprinklers are a highly effective and reliable part of a building’s fire protection system. They can help prevent the spreading of fires in their early stages—before they have the potential to cause severe injury to people and damage to property.
- When one fire sprinkler head goes off to fight a fire, the entire sprinkler system does NOT activate. Sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms.
- The chance of a fire sprinkler accidentally going off is extremely remote because sprinklers react to heat in individual rooms—according to NFSA (National Fire Sprinkler Association).
- Installation of fire sprinklers can result in discounts on insurance premiums, according to the NFSA.
- Fire sprinklers are designed to immediately respond to a fire while it is still small, help control the spread of deadly heat, flames and toxic smoke—whether or not the occupants have appropriately responded to the signaling smoke alarm. In this way, fire sprinklers can make up for human error, and may provide life-saving cushion for a time-consuming escape.
Passive Fire Protection: The Final Layer
Passive fire protection components consist of several items:
Smoke, Fire, and Combination Dampers
These devices must be inspected when a commercial building first opens, one year later, and then every four years for commercial buildings and every six years for hospitals according to NFPA 80 and 105 codes. Note that alarm contractors may not always perform required testing. In some cases, they may only test the alarm relay from the fire alarm panel and may not mechanically exercise the damper as required by codes.
Fire Doors
According to NFPA 80 code, swinging fire doors are required to be tested annually and there are 13 inspection points. Overhead, horizontal, and sliding fire doors are also required to be inspected annually and also have 13 inspection points.
Firestopping
A firestop is a fire protection system made of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistant rated wall or floor assemblies. For penetrating cables, these can also be called Multi Cable Transits (MCTs). Firestops are designed to restore the continuous fire resistance of wall or floor assemblies, impeding the spread of fire by filling the openings in them with fire-resistant materials.
Miscellaneous Components
Emergency power, illumination and emergency lighting, including:
- Exit signs
- Exits
- Pathways to exits
- Changes in elevation
- Stairs (minimum level of illumination = 10 lux / 1 foot-candle)
Routine monthly testing with an annual 90-minute load test is required, and should include verification that light beams are properly aimed, according to NFPA 101 Life Safety Code.
Conclusion
Life safety plans should be as comprehensive as possible, and must include alarm and detection, suppression and passive fire protection to truly be a comprehensive plan. Passive fire protection should be addressed by owners and facility managers alike, even if the local authority is not enforcing the codes. Together, these components are critical in helping to prevent loss of life and property, in the event that a fire does occur, and mitigate overall damage.
The certified professionals at Everon can help develop, design, and deploy a comprehensive fire and life safety solution that addresses the risks and challenges you face—and helps protect your most valuable assets and resources.
